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                <text>The University of Puerto Rico acknowledges they may share copyrighted materials whose use has not been expressly authorized by their owners. They make these resources available as part of their responsibility to promote and facilitate the study, research, understanding and appreciation of Puerto Rican history and culture. They understand that this constitutes fair use of these resources, in accordance with Section 107 of the United States Copyright Law (&lt;a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The University of Puerto Rico is not responsible for unauthorized use of images from our collections; the user assumes all risks regarding possible copyright violations. If you wish to use the images contained in the Puerto Rican Digital Library for publication or any other purpose beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the owners. For additional information you can contact us at the following address: &lt;a href="mailto:bdp.rp@upr.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;bdp.rp@upr.edu&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This photo shows young children in a Puerto Rican classroom in the early 1900s, when English was being made the main language of teaching by the U.S. Department of Education. The kids are focused on their work, with English words written on the blackboard for practice. However, a poster on the door shows text in Spanish, showing that many teachers still wanted to keep Spanish in schools. During this time, there was a lot of tension between the U.S. pushing English and the local push to keep Spanish as the main language of education.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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Union de Puerto Rico&#13;
Puerto Rico&#13;
Puerto Rican Independence</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;After the United States invaded and took control of Puerto Rico in 1898, Puerto Ricans had many different opinions about its presence on the island. At first, some were hopeful about U.S. governance, but over time, many began to believe Puerto Rico should gain full independence.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;On February 19, 1904, El Partido Unionista was founded, the first major political party in Puerto Rico to push for independence. Luis Muñoz Rivera co-founded the party and owned &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;La Democracia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;, a newspaper. The article above is from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;La Democracia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; and shows some of the complaints many Puerto Ricans had about the U.S. &lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>"Nuestra Actitud," La Democracia. (San Juan, PR), Feb. 19 1904. Page 2. &lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/sn90070270/1904-02-19/ed-1/."&gt;https://www.loc.gov/item/sn90070270/1904-02-19/ed-1/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>The Library of Congress believes that the newspapers in Chronicling America are in the public domain or have no known copyright restrictions. Newspapers published in the United States more than 95 years ago are in the public domain in their entirety. Any newspapers in Chronicling America that were published less than 95 years ago are also believed to be in the public domain, but may contain some copyrighted third party materials. Researchers using newspapers published less than 95 years ago should be alert for modern content (for example, registered and renewed for copyright and published with notice) that may be copyrighted. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with persons desiring to use the item.&#13;
&#13;
The NEH awardee responsible for producing each digital object is presented in the Chronicling America page display, below the page image – e.g. Image produced by the Library of Congress. For more information on current NDNP awardees, see https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html.&#13;
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For more information on Library of Congress policies and disclaimers regarding rights and reproductions, see https://www.loc.gov/homepage/legal.html</text>
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                <text> Ponce, Puerto Rico; San Juan, Puerto Rico</text>
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                <text>Original format: 1 photo: b&amp;w; 19x24cm. from the A. Moscioni Photograph Collection of the Library System, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus.</text>
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                <text>The University of Puerto Rico acknowledges they may share copyrighted materials whose use has not been expressly authorized by their owners. They make these resources available as part of their responsibility to promote and facilitate the study, research, understanding and appreciation of Puerto Rican history and culture. They understand that this constitutes fair use of these resources, in accordance with Section 107 of the United States Copyright Law (http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107).&#13;
&#13;
The University of Puerto Rico is not responsible for unauthorized use of images from our collections; the user assumes all risks regarding possible copyright violations. If you wish to use the images contained in the Puerto Rican Digital Library for publication or any other purpose beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the owners. For additional information you can contact us at the following address: bdp.rp@upr.edu</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This photo shows a group of young children in a school setting in early 1900s Puerto Rico. In the middle is a woman, probably a teacher, surrounded by students sitting and standing in rows. An American flag can be seen on the wall behind them, showing that this was during a time when the U.S. was becoming more involved in Puerto Rico’s education system.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The image reflects a shift towards teaching in English, as the U.S. pushed its own education policies. This was a key moment for Puerto Rico’s schools, as they tried to balance local culture and language with the growing influence of English.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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Music</text>
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                <text>Original format: 1 photo: b&amp;w; 24x19cm. from the A. Moscioni Photograph Collection of the Library System, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus.</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;(Created)&lt;/strong&gt; Between 1898 - 1917</text>
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                <text>The University of Puerto Rico acknowledges they may share copyrighted materials whose use has not been expressly authorized by their owners. They make these resources available as part of their responsibility to promote and facilitate the study, research, understanding and appreciation of Puerto Rican history and culture. They understand that this constitutes fair use of these resources, in accordance with Section 107 of the United States Copyright Law (http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107).&#13;
&#13;
The University of Puerto Rico is not responsible for unauthorized use of images from our collections; the user assumes all risks regarding possible copyright violations. If you wish to use the images contained in the Puerto Rican Digital Library for publication or any other purpose beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the owners. For additional information you can contact us at the following address: bdp.rp@upr.edu</text>
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                <text>Digital reproduction of photo with number. ID 12, negative no. 04126 from the A.Moscioni Photograph Collection.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This black-and-white photo shows a large group of young children, probably students, gathered in a school or institutional setting. The children are wearing uniforms and holding musical instruments like horns, drums, and other percussion. They are sitting and standing in rows, with an adult in the center, likely a teacher or administrator.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The caption at the bottom says "Banda de música de los niños de Beneficencia," which means "Welfare Children’s Band." This suggests the image shows a music program from Casa de Beneficencia, a social welfare institution in San Juan, Puerto Rico, created in the 1840s. The Casa de Beneficencia provided care for orphaned children, women, the mentally ill, and the homeless. A report from 1846 mentioned that music was added to the curriculum for the children living there.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Farmer Ian Pagan-Roig with Bananas</text>
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                <text>Puerto Rico Agriculture&#13;
Agroecology&#13;
Food Sovereignty</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This photo shows Ian Pagán-Roig, a farmer in Puerto Rico, holding a big bunch of green bananas in a vibrant tropical garden. Before Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico in 2017, the island imported about 85% of its food, making it dependent on outside supplies. When the hurricane damaged ports and stopped food imports, farmers like Pagán-Roig helped feed their communities by growing food locally. At his family farm, &lt;a href="https://www.eljoscobravo.org/"&gt;El Josco Bravo&lt;/a&gt;, in the Toa Alta mountains, he uses agroecology, farming that works with nature. Pagán-Roig is dedicated to helping Puerto Rico grow its own food and ultimately become less dependent on imports.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Original Caption:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En estos días la esperanza se siente desalmada. En estos días la esperanza no tiene terreno sólido para afirmarse. Hoy el terreno labrado parece yacer sin brotes que aseguren una floración futura.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hoy continúo por el momento en un acto puro de diciplina. "Hay que continuar, alguna razón surgirá en el camino". De todas formas no sé hacer muchas cosas más.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Me arreguindo de las luciérnagas en la noche (porque no es tiempo de cucubanos) para no perderme.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este racimo de platano tiene 60ypico de plátanos a puro estiércol de buey.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Translated Caption:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;These days, hope feels soulless. These days, hope has no solid ground to stand on. Today, the tilled soil seems to lie barren, with no sprouts to promise a future bloom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Today, I continue in a pure act of discipline. "We must continue, some reason will arise along the way." In any case, I don't know how to do many other things. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I hold on to the fireflies at night (because it's not yet the time of the click beetles) so as not to lose my way.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This bunch of bananas has 60-plus bananas, nourished purely with ox manure.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
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                <text>Ian Pagan-Roig</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>This image is used under fair use for educational purposes. It was originally posted on the public Instagram account of Ian Pagan-Roig. </text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.instagram.com/el_guajano/p/DCSVDsASpLr/"&gt;https://www.instagram.com/el_guajano/p/DCSVDsASpLr/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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Puerto Rican Women</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;This black-and-white portrait photo shows Luisa Capetillo, a famous Puerto Rican labor activist and writer, sitting down at a desk. Born in 1879 in Arecibo, she lived through big political and economic changes in Puerto Rico.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Capetillo fought for workers’ rights and women’s education. She worked in tobacco factories as a “lectora,” reading to workers while they rolled cigars, which helped them learn and stay informed. She led strikes, wrote essays and plays, and spoke up for social justice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Capetillo was also known for her progressive views at the time, including wearing pants in public, which even got her arrested. She kept fighting for social change until she passed away in 1922, becoming a key figure in Puerto Rican history.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>A Nation Of Women: An Early Feminist Speaks Out; Mi opinion sobre las libertades, derechos, y deberes de la mujer By Luisa Capetillo ISBN-13:978-1-55885-427-4</text>
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                <text>Public Domain Mark 1.0 Universal: No Copyright&lt;br /&gt;This work has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.</text>
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Puerto Rican Independence</text>
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                <text>Original format: 1 photo: byn; 10x12cm. from the A. Moscioni Photograph Collection available in the Puerto Rican Collection of the Library System, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus.</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;(Created)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Between 1898 and 1917&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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&lt;div class="element-text"&gt;The University of Puerto Rico acknowledges they may share copyrighted materials whose use has not been expressly authorized by their owners. They make these resources available as part of their responsibility to promote and facilitate the study, research, understanding and appreciation of Puerto Rican history and culture. They understand that this constitutes fair use of these resources, in accordance with Section 107 of the United States Copyright Law (&lt;a href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#107&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The University of Puerto Rico is not responsible for unauthorized use of images from our collections; the user assumes all risks regarding possible copyright violations. If you wish to use the images contained in the Puerto Rican Digital Library for publication or any other purpose beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the owners. For additional information you can contact us at the following address:&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:bdp.rp@upr.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;bdp.rp@upr.edu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
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